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Bjekic MD, Vlajinac HD, Sipetic SB, Marinkovic JM. Risk factors for Peyronie's disease: a case-control study. BJU Int 2006;97:570-574.

This is a case-control (1:3 ratio) study with 82 men with PD compared with age-matched men with unrelated disorder (dermatological) conducted with an aim to study the risk factors for this enigmatic condition.

The risk factors for PD found in this study were a history of genital and/or perineal injuries, transurethral prostatectomy, cystoscopy, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, lipoma, and the use of propranolol, Dupuytren's contracture, ever having smoked, alcohol consumption, fibromatous lesions of the genital tract of the partner, and surgical intervention on the genital tract of the partner.

The results of the present study are in line with the hypothesis that, in addition to genetic predisposition, trauma of the penis and systemic vascular diseases are risk factors for PD. Smoking and alcohol consumption also seem to have some role in the development of the disease.